Introduction & Acknowledgement
Chapter 1: Measuring Bilinguality
1. Introduction
2. Problems inherent in bilingual measurements
2.1. Definition of bilinguality
2.2. Traditional measurements
2.3. Behavioural measurements
2.4. Informal measurements
3. Ideal bilingual measurements
4. Practical measurements in the interim
Chapter 2: Bilingual Code-Switching
1. Introduction
2. Procedures
2.1. Definition of code-switching
2.2. Analysis methodology
3. Subjects and analyses
3.1. Code-switching in a bilingual radio program in Japan
3.2. Code-switching in 2 bilingual children
3.3. Code-switching at an adult bilingual dinner party
4. General discussion
Chapter 3: Metalinguistic Awareness in Bilinguals
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Analysis and interpretation
3. Results
3.1. Mood analysis
3.2. Transitivity analysis
3.3. Theme and cohesion analysis
4. Discussion
Chapter 4: Bilingual Brains
1. Introduction
1.1. Bilingual brain
1.2. The bilingual dual coding model
1.3. Tests on the bilingual dual coding model
1.4. Age of L2 acquisition
1.5. Length of residence
1.6. Gender
1.7. Language specificity
1.8. The present study
2. Methodology
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Procedures
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Onset age of L2 acquisition
4.2. Language specificity
5. Conclusion
Chapter 5: Language Attrition and Retention in Bilinguals
1. Introduction
2. Research showing improvement
2.1. FL vs. L2
2.2. Four studies showing improvement
2.3. L2 improvement
3. Predictor variables and methodological problems
3.1. Intervening variables of age, literacy, and pre-attrition proficiency
3.2. Summary of critical review on relevant research
4. Research questions and possible predictions
5. Preliminary study
5.1. A test on L1/L2 lexicon
5.2. A test on spontaneous oral skills
5.3. A test on spontaneous writing skills
6. General discussion
Afterward (Implications)